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???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??, "?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???-???????? ????", ?? ?????, ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????. ?????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????: ????, ??? ???? ????,  ??? ???-??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ?????, ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ??, ?? ?????????, ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? - ????? ????? ??? ???. ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? - ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???-???? ????.

??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????, ???  ?????? ?????  ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????:  ????-??????, ???-???? ????????. 

?????? ???????-?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ???????? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ??????? "?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???. ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??..." (?. ????, ????? ??????? ???-?????, 1981). 

????? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ????, ???? ?????. ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ????????, ????? ?????, ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ???? ??? ????? ????.  ??? ?? ???, ????? ????? ????? ????? ????  ?????, ???, ???? ??????, ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? – ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ????, ????? ???? ???: ???????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????, ??????.

???? ??? ?? ????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ?????  ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????:

"??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????, ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. (...) ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, (...) ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????, ????? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ?? ???. ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????. ????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???-????. ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????".

?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????. 

???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????-?"? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????????????, ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. 

?????: ??????? ????, ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????: www.molcholand.co.il 

?. ?????????, ?????? ???????‘???? ?

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???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? “????? ????????” ??????? ????????? ???????? ???. ???, ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?“???? ????” ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? “???????”. ??, ????, ???? ?–19, ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???, ?? ??????? “????? ???” ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????, ?? ???–?????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? (Terra Nullius) ? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????. ????? ???, ?????????? “????? ????” ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???, ??????? ????????, ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????, ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????, ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???????, ?????, ?? ??–??? ????? ???. ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ??, ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????.(1) ????-????, ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????, ??????? ????? ???. ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??, ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????. ????? ???, ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????–???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????.(2) ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ??????.(3) ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????–?????, ?? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????, ???????‘???? ?????????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ????.(4)

???? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????, ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??–?????? ???–?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????: ????????–?????, ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.(5) ??? ?????? ???????? (????????? ???????), ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???–??????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.(6) ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????, ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????.(7)

????? ???, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??–??? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???? ??, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??–??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????????????, ????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ?? ???? ???? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????.(8)

?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????: ??, ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ??? ??, ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????, ??–??? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????.(9) ??, ????, ????????? ??????–????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????; ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????; ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? 1949-1948 ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????????, ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ????. ????? ????, ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????–???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ??????, ?????? ????????, ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ????.

????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????, ???????, ??????? ?? ????????, ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.

????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????.(10) ?????????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??, ???? ??????? ????? ????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ?“???????”, ?“??????” ??“??????” ?????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.(11) ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??, ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????, ??? ??????

? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????, ??????–?????, ????–?????, ???????? ??????.

?????????, ??? ?? ???? ?–18 ?????, ????? ????????? ?? ???????‘???? ???????? ??–??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???????. ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ??–???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????. ?? ???? 1992 ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? 250 ???, ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????.(12)

?????–????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????: ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????. ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ??????. ?????, ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??–???? ???? ???? ????? ????.(13)

????–????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????, “???????” ???? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?????????, ????? ???? ?–1840 ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???–?????, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? “?????” ???? ?–130 ??? (14) (??? ????? ?????).

??? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?–19. ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????: ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ???????, ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????.(15)

??? ?? ???, ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?“?????”, “?????” ?“????????”. ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????.(16)

?? ??? ?? ??????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????.(17)

?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.(18)

???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ?? ?? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????–??????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???????.

?????????, ????, ?–1899 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? (??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????), ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????, ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???, ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?–100 ??? ???? ???. ?? ???? ???? ?–20 ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????, ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????.(19) ??? ????? ?–90 ?? ???? ?–20 ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????‘????. ?–1992 ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?–1975, ??? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????: ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ???????‘???? ????? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??. ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????.(20) ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???.(21)

????–?????, ?????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?–130 ??? ????? ?????????. ?? ????? ?–70 ?? ???? ?–20 ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??, ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????. ?????? ???, ???? 1975 ???? ?????? ?? ???–????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???.(22)

????? ????? ?–1999 ????????? ?? ???????, ??? 85% ??????????? ?? ?????????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??“?, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? 25 ????.(23)

------------------

[1] McGarry, J. (1998), Demographic engineering: the state directed movement of ethnic groups as a technique of conflict regulation, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21:4, 613-615.

2 ??????, "??????: ???? ?-800 ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???","????" 3.8.2006. ??????, "????? ?????? ?????? ????????; ??? ?????? ????? ?????", "????" 13.10.2006.

???? 1983 ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????, ??? ????? ?? 2006 ?-65,000 ???. ????? ??? ?????? ???? 2002 ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ??? 2005 ??????? ??????? ???? ??????.

3 ????, ?' (2005), ???????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????,??' 108-107, ?????????? ??-?????? ????, ???-???.

4 Perry, E.J. (1996), …From time Immemorial: indigenous people and state systems, pp. 15-17, University of Texas Press;       

 ??? ??'????, McGarry, (1998), Demographic engineering)).

5 ??????, ?' (1994), ?????, ????, ?????? ??????: ?????, ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? 2 , ?' 7-2, ?????????? ??-?????? ????, ???-???.

                                         6 Lijphart, A.(1969)' Consociational Democracy, World Politics 21, no. 2, 207-225; 

??????, ?' (1985), ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????: ????, ?' 15.

  7 Lustick, I. (1979), Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism vs. Control, World Politics 31, no.3, 325-344 .

8 ??, ?' 335; ?????? ?' (1997), ?????? ?? ???? - ??'? ??-???? ????, ?' 12, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????..

9 ??? ??'????, McGarry, (1998), Demographic Engineering,  p. 613)).

10 ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????: ?. ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????, ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????; ?. ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????-?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?"??????? ????". ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ??, ?? ???? ?-70 ?? ???? ?-20 ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

???, ?' ???????, ?' (1999), ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????: ?????? ?????????, ??????? ????????, ??"? ???? ???? 4, ?' 31-30, ?????????? ????, ????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????.

???  ???? (2005), ???????? ?????? ??????,. ??' 88, 123-122, 155-154.

11 Stasilius, D & Yuval-Davis, N. (1995), Unsettling Settler Societies, pp. 1-37, London: Sage..    

???, ??? ??????? (1999) ??????? ????????, ?' 30.

 12 Mercer, D. (1993) Terra nullius, Aboriginal sovereignty and land rights in Australia: the debate            continues, Political Geography, 12:4, 314-316.

13  Newton, N.J. (1994), Compensation Reparations & Restitution; Indian Property Claims in the United  States, Georgia Law Review, 28,. 453-479.

 14 Pawson, E. (1992), Tow New Zealands: Maori and European, in Anderson, K.& Gale, F. (eds)

 Inventing Places: Studies in Cultural Geography, pp. 19-33, Melbourne: Longman.

15  ??? ??????, (1997), ?????? ?? ????, ??',18-15.

16  ??????, ?' ????, ?' (2000), ?? ???? ?????: ???? ???????? ???????, ??????? ??????, 16, ?? ' 71.

17  ??, ??' 71, 73.

18 ??? ???, (Perry, (1996), …From Time Immemorial, pp. 243-244); ????, ?. (1999), ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?' 16, ???? ?????????? ???? ???????, ??????? .

19 ??? ?????????,  (Stasilius, & Yuval-Davis, (1995), Unsettling Settler Societies, pp. 1-37).

20  ??? ???? , (Mercer, (1993), Terra nullius, pp.314-316).

21 Mercer, D. (1997), Aboriginal self-determination and indigenous land title in post-Mabo Australia,

.Political Geography, 16:3, 189-212.

22 ??? ?????? , (Pawson, (1992), Two New Zealands, 17-33).

23 Penrose, J. (2000), The Limitation of Nationalist Democracy: The Treatment of Marginal Groups as a Measure of State Legitimacy, Hagar International Social Science Review, 1(2), 33-62.