???????? ?????????? ?? ??????

??? ????? ??-??, ???? ??????, ??? ?????,

????? ????? ?????? ????*

 ?????????? ?? ?????

??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????: ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????-???????.

????? – ?????  ??????

???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?"????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? (???? ????? ????? ???, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???-?????) ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????" (Benvenisty, 1993, p. 4). ???????? (Edelstein, 2004) ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??-??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? (????? ?? ??????? "?????" ?"???????????" ??????? ??????, ???: Lustick, 1993). ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? (trustee) ?? ???? ????? (Playfair, 1989) . ????? 43 ?? ????? ??? ???? ????-????? ???? ????, ?? ???? ?"??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????" (????? ???, 1907). ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???, ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? (McCarthy, 2005). ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?'??? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? (???? 49), ??? ????? ???, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???, ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????.

????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??-??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (Edelstein, 2004). ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?????? (Roberts, 1990) ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?? ????? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????, ???????? ????????, ??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????.

????? ????? ??????????

?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?"?????" ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? 1967, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?"?????"; ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?"?????", ????? ???? ??? ??? "?????". ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????-??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ????????????, ???????, ?????? ???????? ????. ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????-?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????.

???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????  "?????" ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????: ????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???????; ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????; ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????; ??? ???? ??? ?? ????, ??-??? ????? ???????; ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??, ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????-???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ??, ?? ????????? ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ?? ????? "????? ?????" ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????-?????? ??? ?????????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???????, ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ???, ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????, ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??-??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ????.

???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. 

?????? ???????

????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? 38 ???? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ????, ??? ???? 1967 ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????-??????? ?? ???? ?????, ??????, ??? ???? ????? ???? "????? ??????", ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????-??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? (???? ???????) ?? ????? (????), ????? ???? ????? ???"? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? (????, 1981; Playfair, 1989; Roberts, 1985). ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? "????? ????????", ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???"? ?????.[1]

???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??. ??? ??,  ?????? ??????????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????-?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? – ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? "????? ????? ????" ??? ?????? (??????) ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???.

?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????

??? ??????, ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ??? ???????, ???????, ????? ????? ?????? (Kunda, 1987; Swann, 1996). ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? (Tajfel, 1978, 1981). ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? (ingroup) ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? (Ellemers, Spears, & Doosje, 2002).

???? ????? ????? (?????? ????? ?????? ?????) ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????-?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ???  ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??. ?????, ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? (Festinger, 1957).

??????? ?????????

????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? (Freud, 1915/1961), ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????????-???????. ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (?????, 1977). ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???, ???? ???? ??? ??? ???.  

????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???-????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ????, ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? (Cohen, 2001). ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (Zerubavel, 2006). ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????  "????? ???? ????".

????? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? (??? ????? ?????) ????? ?????? ??????, ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?"?????". ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? – ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? (??? ??: Zuckerman, 2002).

???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? (????? ????, 2006: ???, 2006).

?????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ?? ????? ????????, ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????? ???-???????, ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??-????????? ?? ????? (Moses, 2002).

??????????????? ????????????. ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???, ??????? ????? ???????? ????????, ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ?????? ?? ??? ???, ?"????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????", ??????? ??-??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ????????????????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????.

??? ??????, ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ( Bar-Tal, 2000; Moscovici, 1988) ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????.

?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????

????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? (Jost, Banaji, & Nosek, 2004; Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????[2] ?????? ????? ??????????-?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????, ????????? ??????.

???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? – ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? (???, 2005). ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? (????, 2005; ??-??, 2007). ????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????: ?. ????? ????? ?????? ???????; ?. ??-????????? ?? ?????????? ??????; ?. ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ???????. 

?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????

?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? (Miron et al., 2006).

??? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? "?????", ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??, ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?"?????", ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?"?????" ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?"????? ???", ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. 

????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ???? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?-1967 ???? ???? ???? ?????: ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? (??????, 2005). ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?-4 ????? 1967 ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? "???? ???????? ??????? ??????". ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ??, ????: "???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? [...] ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??, ????? ??? ??, ????? ?????? ??? ?????" (???, 2005, 359).

???? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ?????; ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???"? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???, ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? (?????? ???: ????, 2005; ?????, 1997). ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ??? ?"? ?????, ??? ??????, ???? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? (???, 2005), ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?"??? ????? ?????" (Horowitz, 1987).

????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ??????    ??????? ?????? ??-??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? 2008 ????? ?-55% ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? 32% ????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?"????? ?? ??? ??????" ?????. 

?????? ??????? ????????? ???-????????? ?? ??? ?????

????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ??-????????? ?? ??? ?????. ??-????????? ?????? ???? ????? "????????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?/?? ?????? ????????" (???: Bar-Tal, 1989, p. 170). ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ???????-??????? ???? ????? ?? ???-????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????, ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (?????, 1985 Bar-Tal & Teichman, 2005;). ?????? ????? ?"???????????", "???? ?????", "???? ???" ?"??????". ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?"??????", "?????? ??? ??", "????????", "??????", "???????" ?"?????" (Bar-Tal & Teichman, 2005).

???-????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ???? ?? ??, ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? "????", ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? (Bar-Tal & Teichman, 2005). ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??, ??????? ??????? "?? ?? ???? ???: ??? ?????". ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?-1967, ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?"?????" ?? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?"?????". ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ???? "?? ???????" – ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????.  ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??? "??????", "?????????" ?? "?????" ?????????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????-??????, ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????.

?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??.

??? ????? ????, ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?"???? ??????" ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? (??????, 2001). ???????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???????, ????????????, ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????????. ?????? ???, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? "???????" ??????? ?? "??????" ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? (Bar-Tal & Teichman, 2005).

???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? – ?????? ??? ???? ?????? 1967 (??????? ??????) ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????. ????? "???? ????", ????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ?? "?????? ???????": "??? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???, ??? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????? ??, ?????? ???? ??? ???, ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????" (????, 23 ????? 1967). ????? ????? ??? ????? "????? ??????", ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? (??? ??? ??????, 1967).

??????? ??????? ???? (??? ????) ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??"? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??"? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????: "??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? [...] ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????" (???????, 2006). ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

???? ??????

?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??  ???? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? – ?? ??????? ?? ?????? – ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? "?????" ????? ?????? ???? ????-?????, ?? ?? ?????? ???, ?? ???? ????? (?? ?? ?????) ???? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?"?????" – ???? ??????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????.

????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???  ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? – ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????.

?? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? (???: Rosler, Bar-Tal, Sharvit, Halperin, & Raviv, in press). ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????, ??????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???-????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????-?????. ????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.

 ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? (???? ?????, 2004; ????, 2005). ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? (????, 2004). ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ??? ???? 1981: "???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? – ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? – ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???" (????, 1981, ??' 164). ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? (Horowitz, 1987). ?????? ???, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???.

-------------

1. ????? ?? ????? ????????, ??-?? ?????? (Roberts, 1990) ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? – ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? –  ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?'??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ?????.

2. ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? (Bar-Tal, 2000). ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ???, ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????.

------------

* ?. ??-??, ??? ???? ??????, ?????????? ??-????; ?. ??????, ???? ???????????, ?????????? ???????; ?. ?????, ???? ???????????, ?????????? ??????; ?. ?????, ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???????, ??????????? ?????? ????????; ?. ???? ???? ???????????, ?????????? ??-????, ?????? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????.

?????? 

????, ?. (2005). ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????-???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????

 (2000-1967). ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????.

????, ?. ?????, ?. (2004). ????? ????: ???????? ?????? ????? 2004-1967. ??-????: ????, ?????, ????-????.

??-??, ?. (2007). ????? ?? ??????: ????? ?????????-????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ???????: ????.

?????, ?. (1985). ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??-????: ?? ????.

??????, ?. (2005). ?????, ?? ?????!. ??-????: ???? ???????.

????, ?. (2005). ????? ?????: ???? ??????? ?? ????"? ???. ???????: ?????? ???????.

?????, ?. ????, ?. (2006). ????: ???-?????-????? ??? ???????. ???? ?. ????? ??. ??? (??????), ?????? ???????: ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? (??' 22-7). ???????: ???? ?? ???.

???, ?. (2006). ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???. ???? ?. ????? ??. ??? (??????), ?????? ???????: ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? (??' 82-75). ???????: ???? ?? ???.

???, ?. (2005). ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? (????? ?. ???). ???????: ????.

????, ?. (1981). ????? ?? ???. ???????: ???.

????, ?. (2004). ????? ?????: ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????. ???????: ???.

????, ?. (1967). ???? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ???????- 7 ????, 22 ????????, ??' 7-6.

???, ?. (2005). 1967: ????? ????? ?? ????. ???????: ??? ????? ????.

?????, ?. (1997). ??? ?????? ???????: ????? ?? ???-????? ??????? ?????. ??-????: ?? ????.

???????, ?. (2006). ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????, 11 ?????.

??? ?????? (1967). ?? ????: ????? ??????

??????, ?. (2001). ??????????? ???????. ???????: ????.

????, ?. (2005). ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???????: ???? ??? ?????? – ??? ???????.

Bar-Tal, D. (1989). Delegitimization: The extreme case of stereotyping and prejudice. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A.W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions (pp. 169-182). New York: Springer Verlag.

Bar-Tal, D. (2000). Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Bar-Tal, D., & Teichman Y. (2005). Stereotypes and prejudice in conflict: Representations of Arabs in Israeli Jewish society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Benvenisty, E. (1993). The international law of occupation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Cohen, S. (2001). States of denial: Knowing about atrocities and suffering. Cambridge: Polity

Edelstein, D. M. (2004). Occupational hazards: Why military occupations succeed or fail. International Security, 29, 49-91.

Ellemers, N., Spears, R. & Doosje, B. (2002). Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 161-186.

Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson.

Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210.

Freud, S. (1915/1961). The standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud (J. Strachey ed. and trans., Vol. 14). London: Hogarth Press.

Horowitz, D. (1987). Israel and the occupation. The Jerusalem Quarterly, 43, 21-36.

Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R. & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881-920.

Kunda, Z. (1987). Motivated inference: Self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 636-647.

Lustick, I. S. (1993). Unsettled states, dispute lands. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

McCarthy, C. (2005). The paradox of the international law of military occupation: Sovereignty and the reformation of Iraq. Journal of Conflict & Security Law, 10 (1), 43–74.

Miron, A. M., Branscombe, N. R. & Schmitt, M. T. (2006). Collective guilt as distress over illegitimate intergroup inequality. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9, 163–180.